Timing error detection and correction for power efficiency: an aggressive scaling approach

Low-power consumption has become an important aspect of processors and systems design. Many techniques ranging from architectural to system level are available. Voltage scaling or frequency boosting methods are the most effective to achieve low-power consumption as the dynamic power is proportional to the frequency and to the square of the supply voltage. The basic principle of operation of aggressive voltage scaling is to adjust the supply voltage to the lowest level possible to achieve minimum power consumption while maintaining reliable operations. Similarly, aggressive frequency boosting is to alter the operating frequency to achieve optimum performance improvement. In this study, an aggressive technique which employs voltage or frequency varying hardware circuit with the time-borrowing feature is presented. The proposed technique double samples the data to detect any timing violations as the frequency/voltage is scaled. The detected violations are masked by phase delaying the flip-flop clock to capture the late arrival data. This makes the system timing error tolerant without incurring error correction timing penalty. The proposed technique is implemented in a field programmable gate array using a two-stage arithmetic pipeline. Results on various benchmarks clearly demonstrate the achieved power savings and performance improvement.N/

An introduction to the design of small-scale embedded systems

This book offers a comprehensive and balanced introduction to the design of small embedded systems. Important topics covered include microcontroller architectures, memory technologies, data conversion, serial protocols, program design, low power design, and design for the real time environment. The final chapter ingeniously applies systematic engineering design principles to embedded system design. While the Microchip PIC 16F84 is used extensively to illustrate the early material, examples elsewhere are drawn from a range of microcontroller families, leading to a broad view of device capabilities

Designing embedded systems with PIC microcontrollers: Principles and applications (2nd Edition)

PIC microcontrollers are used worldwide in commercial and industrial devices. The 8-bit PIC which this book focuses on is a versatile work horse that completes many designs. An engineer working with applications that include a microcontroller will no doubt come across the PIC sooner rather than later. It is a must to have a working knowledge of this 8-bit technology. This book takes the novice from introduction of embedded systems through to advanced development techniques for utilizing and optimizing the PIC family of microcontrollers in your device. To truly understand the PIC, assembly and C programming language must be understood. The author explains both with sample code and examples, and makes the transition from the former to the latter an easy one. This is a solid building block for future PIC endeavors. New to the 2nd Edition: Include end of chapter questions/activities moving from introductory to advanced More worked examples Includes PowerPoint slides for instructors Includes all code snips on a companion web site for ease of use A survey of 16/32-bit PICs A project using ZigBe

Designing Embedded Systems with PIC Microcontrollers: Principles and Applications

PIC microcontrollers are used worldwide in commercial and industrial devices. The 8-bit PIC which this book focuses on is a versatile work horse that completes many designs. An engineer working with applications that include a microcontroller will no doubt come across the PIC sooner rather than later. It is a must to have a working knowledge of this 8-bit technology. This book takes the novice from introduction of embedded systems through to advanced development techniques for utilizing and optimizing the PIC family of microcontrollers in your device. To truly understand the PIC, assembly an

Fast and effective embedded systems design: applying the ARM mbed

This title provides: a hands-on introduction to the field of embedded systems; a focus on fast prototyping of embedded systems; all key embedded system concepts covered through simple and effective experimentation; an understanding of ARM technology, one of the world's leaders; a practical introduction to embedded C; and, applies possibly the most accessible set of tools available in the embedded world. This book is an introduction to embedded systems design, using the ARM mbed and C programming language as development tools. The mbed provides a compact, self-contained and low-cost hardware core, and the on-line compiler requires no download or installation, being accessible wherever an internet link exists. The book further combines these with a simple "breadboard" approach, whereby simple circuits are built up around the mbed, with no soldering or pcb assembly required. The book adopts a "learning through doing" approach. Each chapter is based around a major topic in embedded systems. The chapter proceeds as a series of practical experiments; the reader sets up a simple hardware system, develops and downloads a simple program, and immediately observes and tests the outcomes. The book then reflects on the experimental results, evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the technology or technique introduced, explores how precise the link is between theory and practice, and considers applications and the wider context. This is the only book that explains how to use ARM's mbed development toolkit to help the speedy and easy development of embedded systems. It teaches embedded systems core principles in the context of developing quick applications, making embedded systems development an easy task for the non specialist who does not have a deep knowledge of electronics or software. It provides all key concepts that are covered through simple and effective experimentation

Fast and effective embedded systems design: Applying the ARM mbed (2nd Edition)

A complete education in embedded system programming and hardware design, applying the innovative ARM mbed and its development ecosyste

Pic microcontrollers

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Island extinctions: processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration

Extinctions have altered island ecosystems throughout the late Quaternary. Here, we review the main historic drivers of extinctions on islands, patterns in extinction chronologies between islands, and the potential for restoring ecosystems through reintroducing extirpated species. While some extinctions have been caused by climatic and environmental change, most have been caused by anthropogenic impacts. We propose a general model to describe patterns in these anthropogenic island extinctions. Hunting, habitat loss and the introduction of invasive predators accompanied prehistoric settlement and caused declines of endemic island species. Later settlement by European colonists brought further land development, a different suite of predators and new drivers, leading to more extinctions. Extinctions alter ecological networks, causing ripple effects for islands through the loss of ecosystem processes, functions and interactions between species. Reintroduction of extirpated species can help restore ecosystem function and processes, and can be guided by palaeoecology. However, reintroduction projects must also consider the cultural, social and economic needs of humans now inhabiting the islands and ensure resilience against future environmental and climate change

Island extinctions:processes, patterns, and potential for ecosystem restoration

Extinctions have altered island ecosystems throughout the late Quaternary. Here, we review the main historic drivers of extinctions on islands, patterns in extinction chronologies between islands, and the potential for restoring ecosystems through reintroducing extirpated species. While some extinctions have been caused by climatic and environmental change, most have been caused by anthropogenic impacts. We propose a general model to describe patterns in these anthropogenic island extinctions. Hunting, habitat loss and the introduction of invasive predators accompanied prehistoric settlement and caused declines of endemic island species. Later settlement by European colonists brought further land development, a different suite of predators and new drivers, leading to more extinctions. Extinctions alter ecological networks, causing ripple effects for islands through the loss of ecosystem processes, functions and interactions between species. Reintroduction of extirpated species can help restore ecosystem function and processes, and can be guided by palaeoecology. However, reintroduction projects must also consider the cultural, social and economic needs of humans now inhabiting the islands and ensure resilience against future environmental and climate change.No Full Tex